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Contents of Slide Sets:

• Hebrew Bible
• Mesopotamian Archaeology
• Biblical Archaeology
• Jerusalem Archaeology
• Dead Sea Scrolls
• New Testament Archaeology
• Supplemental New Testament Archaeology
• Galilee Archaeology
• Egypt-Sinai-Negev
• Archaeology and Religion

Biblical Archaeology

The Land

• Northern Galilee and Mountains
• Waterfall at Source of Jordan
• Waters at Baniyas and Grotto of Pan
• Southern Galilee Fields and Mount Tabor
• Sea of Galilee and Surrounding Hills
• Fishing Boat on Sea of Galilee
• Jordan River
• Central Hills and Upland Valleys
• Judean Wilderness East of Jerusalem
• Wadi in the Wilderness
• Spring of Jericho
• The Dead Sea
• Sinai Oasis and Mountains
• Mediterranean Coast at Caesarea

Traditional Village/Farming Culture

• Farmers’ Village
• Plowing
• Sowing
• Harvesting
• Winnowing Grain
• Mortar and Pestle
• Grindstone and Mortar Bowls
• Baking Oven
• Olive Tree
• Watchtower in Orchard
• Olive Press
• Donkey Driven Down Roman Road, Sebaste
• Loaves and Fishes

Traditional Pastoral Culture

• Bedouin Tent in the Wilderness
• Flock at Well Near Cave Sheepfold
• Woman Spinning Wool
• Weaving on Loom

Tells & Excavation Methods

• Neareastern Tell
• Aerial View of Tell
• Excavation Areas in Grid Plan
• Balk Showing Stratigraphy
• Small Tools in Use
• Smaller Tools in Use
• Measuring and Recording
• Transit and Range Rod
• Uncovering Pottery on Surface
• Washing Pottery
• Registering Pottery
• Restoring Pottery
• Drawing Pottery

Building Materials

• Mudbricks Being Made
• Mudbrick Wall, Tirzah
• Mudbrick Wall And Collapse, Gezer
• Boulder Wall, Shechem
• Ashlar Wall, Samaria
• Hellenistic Bossed Masonry, Gezer
• Herodian Dressed Masonry, Jerusalem

Architecture

• Middle Bronze I Round House, Negev
• Reconstructed Roof of Round House
• Iron II Four-room House Beersheva
• Iron II Pillared Storehouse, Hazor
• Iron Age Water Pool and Shaft, Gibeon
• Iron II Water Tunnel, Megiddo
• Iron II Water Tunnel, Ophel Hill
• Roman Theater, Sebaste
• Roman Road, Emmaus
• Stepped Street, Jerusalem
• Walled City of Jerusalem
• Streets and Archways in Roman Jerusalem
• Scriptorium and Study Rooms, Qumran
• Palace at Masada

Fortifications

• Neolithic Tower, Jericho
• Early Bronze Wall and Towers, Arad
• Early Bronze Tower, Arad
• Middle Bronze Gate, Tel Dan
• Middle Bronze Gate and Walls, Gezer
• Early Iron Age Gateway, Gezer
• Iron II Gateway, Arad
• Iron II Glacis, Beersheva
• Hellenistic Round Tower, Samaria
• Roman Age Square Tower, Jerusalem

Weapons

• Flint Arrowheads
• Mold for Bronze Axe Heads
• Bronze Blades
• Iron Age Slingstones
• Iron Arrowheads
• Roman Age Catapult Stones

Temples, Altars and Shrines

• Early Bronze Age High Place, Megiddo
• Middle Bronze High Place, Gezer
• Middle Bronze Temple, Shechem
• Iron II House Temple, Arad
• Iron II Altar, Beersheva
• Roman Age Temple, Sebaste
• Roman Age Temple Mount, Jerusalem

Idols and Figurines

• Neolithic Female Figurine, Horvat Minha
• Chalcolithic Female Figurine, Gilath
• Three Late Bronze Female Figurines
• Late Bronze II Egyptian-style Figurine
• Iron I Chair Figure, Ashdod
• Iron II Pillar Figure
• Hellenistic Female Bust, Akko

Religious Objects

• Chalcolithic Bronze Hoard, Nahal Mishmar
• Chalcolithic Ram with Goblets, Gilath
• Middle Bronze Anthropomorphic Rhyton, Jericho
• Iron Age Incense Stand with Musicians, Ashdod
• Model of Shrine and “Pillar Astarte” Figurines, Pottery
• Persian Period Horses and Riders
• Roman Age Menorah on Capital, Capernaum
• Roman Age Ark on Capital, Capernaum

Tombs and Coffins

• Late Bronze Cave Burial, Gezer
• Late Bronze Anthropoid Coffin, Deir el-Balach
• Hellenistic “Tomb of Absalom,” Jerusalem
• Roman Age Mausoleum, Sebaste
• Roman Age Tomb Entrance, Eshkolot
• Roman Age Tomb Entrance with Rolling Stone, Jerusalem
• Roman Age Ossuaries, Jerusalem
• Roman Age Ossuaries Detail View

Scripts and Writing Materials

• Late Bronze Cuneiform Writing on Tablet, Megiddo
• Iron Age Alphabetic Script on Tablet, Gezer
• Iron Age Moabite Stele, Dibon
• Prism of Sennacherib, Nineveh
• Iron Age Hebrew Letter on Ostracon, Lachish
• Iron Age Hebrew on Officials’ Seals
• Iron Age Hebrew Stamped on Jar Handle
• Aramaic Inscription on Tomb Plaque, Jerusalem
• Greek Incised on Temple Notice, Jerusalem
• Hebrew on Parchment Scroll, Qumran
• Latin Inscription on Bronze Judea Capta Coin

Pottery and Glass Vessels

• Early Bronze Pottery
• Middle Bronze I Pottery
• Late Bronze I Pottery, Tell El-Ajjul
• Late Bronze II Imported Mycenaean Krater, Tel Dan
• Iron I Pottery
• Iron I Philistine Pottery, Ashdod
• Iron II Israelite Pottery
• Persian Period Pottery, Tel Halif
• Persian Period Imported Greek Vase, Tell Jemmeh
• Roman Age Painted Pottery from Jerusalem
• Roman Age Terra Sigillata Jug
• Roman Period Glass Vessel

Egypt-Sinai-Negev

Sinai Peninsula

• Satellite Photograph
• Map of Sinai and Negev

Egypt

• Pyramids of Giza
• Ramesses II Statue
• Nile Irrigation Canal at Luxor
• Nile at Sunset
• Workers’ Ferryboat on the Nile
• Gathering Straw and Mud
• Brickmaking
• Brickmaking and Smelting in Tomb Painting
• Tomb Painting (Detail)

Egypt to Mt. Sinai: Route of the Exodus

• Thermal Spring of Hammam Far’aoun
• Quail Nets in Northern Sinai
• Jebel Serbal from Wadi Feiran
• Jebel Serbal
• Wadi Feiran (Aerial)
• Oasis of Feiran
• The “Fjord”

Serabit el-Khadem

• Pharaoh Sekhemkhet Relief
• Egyptian Goddess Hathor
• Hathor Temple
• Decorated Stones at Serabit el-Khadem
• Inside a Turquoise Mine
• Proto-Sinaitic Inscription
• Proto-Sinaitic Inscription

Southern Sinai and St. Catherine’s Monastery

• St. Catherine’s Monastery
• Monastery and Plain of er-Raha
• Monastery and Garden
• Monks in Monastery Courtyard
• Codex Syrus Sinaiticus (Visible Light Image)
• Codex Syrus Sinaiticus (Ultraviolet Image)
• Icon of Moses
• Burning Bush Mosaic
• Transfiguration Mosaic
• Charnel House
• Chapel and Summit of Jebel Musa
• Steps to Summit of Jebel Musa
• Sunrise from Jebel Musa
• Pilgrim Contemplating Awesome Scenery
• Jebel Sufsafeh

Special Features of Sinai

• Northern Sinai Desert Namus (Nawamis)
• Rock Graffiti
• Menorah Graffito
• Rock-carvings of Animals
• Desert “Kite”
• Tih Plateau

Bedouin of Sinai

• Bedouin Woman
• Woman Carrying Jar
• Women Spinning
• Coral Island

Kadesh-Barnea

• Oasis of Kadesh-Barnea (’Ain el-Qudeirat)
• Tell ’Ain el-Qudeirat (Aerial)
• Tell ’Ain el-Qudeirat
• Negevite Pottery

Negev Fortresses

• Oval Fortress at ’Ain Qudeis
• ’Ain Qudeis Doorway
• Mesudat Nahal Aqrav Casemate

Tell el-Kheleifeh

• Tell el-Kheleifeh After 1940 Season (Aerial) Reconstruction Drawing of Two Fortresses

Timna

• “King Solomon’s Pillars”
• Hathor Temple
• Hathor Mask
• Gilded Serpent
• Faience Leopard Head
• Casting Workshop
• Mushroom Formations
• Timna Valley View

Kuntillet ‘Ajrud

• Kuntillet ’Ajrud (Aerial)
• Entry to West Building
• Inscribed Pithos Fragment
• Suckling Calf
• Inscribed Stone Bowl
• Textile Fragment

Avdat and Kurnub (Mamshit)

• Avdat (Aerial)
• Northern Byzantine Church, Avdat
• Wadi Avdat (Aerial)
• Ruins at Kurnub (Mamshit)

Shivta (Sabata)

• Church Apse at Shivta
• Within a Church at Shivta
• Triapsidal Church
• Nabatean Pottery

Early Bronze and Iron Age Arad

• Early Bronze Age Wall with Tower
• Early Bronze Age City (General View)
• Model of a House
• The Well
• Iron Age Fortress
• Iron Age Temple
• Holy of Holies
• Iron Age Altar

Beersheba

• Tel Beersheba (Aerial)
• Trench Through Fortifications
• The Gate and Storehouses
• “Governor’s House”
• Domestic Dwellings and Perimeter Road
• Horned Altar

Tel Masos

• Tel Masos (Aerial)
• Four-Room House (Detail)
• Restored Pillared Wall
• Pottery Vessel
• Ivory Lion

Be’er Resisim

• Be’er Resisim (General View)
• Cluster of Circular Buildings (Aerial)
• Typical Circular Building
• Circular Building (Reconstructed)
• Copper Finds
• Saddle Quern and Top Stone

Deir el-Balah

• Anthropoid Coffin (Partly Excavated)
• An Open Coffin
• Jewelry of “Romeo” and “Juliet”
• Carnelian Seal
• Coffins on Display
• Naturalistic Coffin Lid

Dead Sea

• Salt Formations
• “Lunar” Landscape

Cave of the Treasure

• Chalcolithic Treasure

Bab edh-Dhra

• Bab edh-Dhra (General View)
• Bab edh-Dhra Charnel House

Numeira

• Numeira (General View)
• Broadroom House

Ancient Edom

• Wadi Rum

Petra

• The Siq
• Petra (Aerial)
• The Treasury
• Colonnaded Street and Temenos Gate
• Four Tombs at Petra
• The Deir, or Monastery
• High Place and Altar Platform

Flora of the Sinai and the Negev

• Acacia Trees in Eastern Sinai
• Acacia tortilis
• Manna
• Date Palm
• Flowers in the Negev Highlands
• Wormwood Shrubs
• Pomegranate
• Wild Gourd

Fauna of the Sinai and the Negev

• Oryx
• Wild Ass
• Gazelle
• Addax
• Ibex
• Ostrich

Hebrew Bible

Geography

• Satellite Photograph of the Territory of Ancient Israel and Neighbors
• Map of the Ancient Near East
• Map of Biblical Israel
• Map of Jerusalem and Environs

Genesis

• Gilgamesh Tablet XI
• The Ziggurat at Ur
• Tel Dan Gate
• Ugaritic Relief of the Canaanite God El
• Pillars of Salt
• Tomb of the Ancestors of Israel at Hebron (Exterior)
• Tomb of the Ancestors of Israel at Hebron (Interior)
• Circumcision
• Beni Hasan (View of Site)
• Beni Hasan Mural

Exodus

• Brickmaking in Egypt
• Nile River
• Pharaoh Ramesses II in His Chariot
• Mummy of Pharaoh Ramesses II
• Merneptah Stela
• Aerial View of St. Catherine’s Monastery and Mt. Sinai
• Altar of Unworked Stones at Arad
• Lejjun Standing Stones
• Cherub Throne on Ahiram Sarcophagus
• Calf and Shrine from Ashkelon
• Bronze Bull Figurine
• Storm God on Bull

Numbers

• Silver Amulet with Priestly Blessing
• Drawing: Detail of The Divine Name on the Silver Amulet
• Hazor Standard
• Copper Snake from Timna
• Deir ‘Alla Text Mentioning Balaam
• Cast Images
• Cast Images

Deuteronomy

• Weights

Joshua

• Woman at the Window
• Gezer High Place
• Shofar on a Stone Relief from Carchemish
• Mt. Ebal Installation
• Mt. Ebal Installation-Drawing of Site
• Mts. Ebal and Gerizim and the Shechem Pass

Judges

• Family Tomb Chamber at École Biblique, Jerusalem
• Bone Repository at École Biblique, Jerusalem
• Storm God from Assur
• Drawing of the Assur Storm God
• Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Graffito: Lyre Player
• Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Graffito: Lyre Player (drawing)
• Taanach Cult Stand
• Egyptian Depiction of Philistines from Medinet Habu
• Philistine Pottery
• Anthropoid Coffins from Deir el-Balah
• Four-Room House
• Reconstruction Drawing of a Four-Room House

Ruth

• Tel Dan: City Gate and Square

1 Samuel

• Slinger
• Anthropoid Clay Coffin from Beth-Shean

2 Samuel

• Weapons of War
• Pool of Gibeon
• Jerusalem’s Water System: Diagram
• Millo Stepped-Stone Structure
• Threshing Floor

1 Kings

• Gihon Spring
• Beer-sheba Altar with Horns
• Scene from the Code of Hammurapi
• Ivory Plaque from Megiddo with Canaanite Royal Court Scene
• Reconstruction of the Jerusalem Temple
• Iron Age Temple at ‘Ain Dara
• Ground Plan of the ‘Ain Dara Temple
• Divine Footprints at ‘Ain Dara
• Proto-Aeolic Capital
• Temple Tell Ta‘yinat, Syria Excavation
• Temple Tell Ta‘yinat Reconstruction Drawing
• Ivory Sphinx from Arslan Tash
• Phoenician Bronze Wheeled Laver-Stand
• Solomonic Urban Architecture: Three Gates (Hazor, Megiddo and Gezer)
• Solomonic Gate at Hazor
• Solomonic Gate at Gezer
• “House of David” Stela
• Tel Dan: Sacred Precinct
• Shishak Relief at Karnak
• Kuntillet ‘Ajrud Graffito: “Yahweh and His Asherah”
• Palace of Ahab at Samaria

2 Kings

• Mesha Stela Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
• Black Obelisk: Jehu Bowing Before Shalmaneser III
• Black Obelisk: Israelites Bringing Tribute
• Seal of Shema
• Tiglath-pileser III in His Chariot
• A Conquered City
• Samaria Ivory: Two Lions
• Samaria Ivory: Palmette Inlay
• Samaria Ivory: Sphinx Inlay
• The Siege of Lachish: Fighting from the Tower
• The Siege of Lachish: Dead Israelites
• The Siege of Lachish: Soldiers and Refugees
• The Siege of Lachish: Sennacherib on His Throne
• Assyrian Siege Ramp at Lachish
• Schematic Plan of Assyrian Siege Ramp and Israelite Counterramp at Lachish
• Hezekiah’s Tunnel
• Siloam Inscription
• Pool of Siloam
• Megiddo, Aerial View
• Ishtar Gate, Babylon
• Jerusalem Defense Tower
• Arrowheads Found in Jerusalem
• Jerusalem Defensive Wall Near the Gihon Spring
• Neo-Babylonian Chronicle

2 Chronicles

• Broad Wall on the Western Hill of Jerusalem

Esther

• Persepolis Site Shot
• Persepolis: Darius on Throne
• Darius at Behistun
• Persian Drinking Cup
• Seal of Persian Man and Woman

Job

• Olive Oil Press

Psalms

• Cult Stand with Musicians from Ashdod
• Woman Playing a Frame Drum
• Procession from Kuntillet ‘Ajrud
• Monsters

Song of Solomon (Song of Songs)

• City Streets and Squares

Isaiah

• Seal Impression of King Ahaz of Judah
• Royal Steward Tomb Inscription
• Silwan Tombs
• Wine Press at Ashkelon

Jeremiah

• Pottery
• Judean Pillar Figurines
• Funerary Sculpture from Palmyra
• Ramat Rahel Balustrade
• Signet Ring of Shaphat
• Seal Impression of Baruch
• Lachish Letter II

Ezekiel

• Guardian Figures
• Judean Coin-Obverse
• Judean Coin-Reverse
• Phoenician Ship

Daniel

• Coin of Antiochus IV-Obverse
• Coin of Antiochus IV-Reverse

Amos

• Garments Taken in Pledge
• Bed of Ivory

Jonah

• Sailing Ship Seal
• Other
• Rosetta Stone

New Testament Archaeology

Hellenized Palestine

• Map of Herodian Palestine
• Amman, Theater
• Gerasa, South Theater and Forum
• Gerasa, Forum and Colonnaded Street
• Gerasa, Temple of Artemis
• Palmyra, General View
• Palmyra, Colonnaded Street

Herod’s Building Projects

• Caesarea Maritima, Northern Harbor
• Caesarea Maritima, Southern Harbor
• Caesarea Maritima, Cardo
• Caesarea Maritima, Aqueduct
• Sebaste, Hellenistic Tower
• Sebaste, Forum
• Herodian Jericho, Palace
• Herodian Jericho, Frigidarium
• Herodium, General View
• Herodium, Summit
• Herodium, Interior
• Masada

Herodian Jerusalem

• Jerusalem, Aerial View of Temple Mount
• Herod’s Temple and Courts: Holyland Hotel Model
• Temple Precinct Notice
• “Straight Joint” in Temple Mount, East Wall
• Close-Up of “Straight Joint,” Temple Mount East Wall
• “Solomon’s Stables”
• Southwest Corner of Temple Mount
• Huge Blocks in Herodian Temple Mount Walls
• “Robinson’s Arch”
• “Robinson’s Arch” Stairway: Architect’s Drawing
• “Place of Trumpeting” Inscription
• “Wilson’s Arch”
• Broad Stairs Along South Wall of Temple Mount
• Triple Huldah Gate
• Excavations Outside South Wall of Temple Mount
• Herod’s Western Fortress: Holyland Hotel Model
• Phasael Tower
• Fortress of Antonia: Holyland Hotel Model
• Mosaic Floor in Herodian House
• Aristocratic Objects from Herodian Jerusalem
• Jerusalem Painted Pottery
• “Hezekiah’s Pool” Reservoir
• Menorah Graffito

Qumran

• Qumran, Viewed from Cave
• Qumran, Aerial View
• Qumran, Cave Interior
• Qumran Caves Four and Five
• Qumran, Cistern Steps with Earthquake Fault

Jesus’s Birth and Preparation

• Bethlehem, From Shepherds’ Fields
• Bethlehem, Aerial View of Church of Nativity
• Church of Nativity, Nave
• Church of Nativity, Grotto
• Jerusalem, Mikveh next to Temple Entrance
• Nazareth, Church of the Annunciation
• Jordan River, Traditional Place of John’s Baptizing
• Mount of Temptation
• Aerial View of Judean Wilderness

Jesus’ Ministry in Galilee

• Sea of Galilee Shores
• Mount of Beatitudes
• Capernaum, Aerial View of Synagogue and Excavations
• Capernaum, Synagogue
• Chorazin, Synagogue
• Chorazin Synagogue Decoration Detail
• Chorazin Decorated Pillar
• Upper Jordan River and Sea of Galilee
• Caesarea Philippi, Idol Niches
• Mount Tabor

Jesus in Jerusalem

• The Jericho-Jerusalem Road
• Jerusalem, Pool of Bethesda
• Jerusalem, Pool of Siloam
• Bethany, Tomb of Lazarus
• Silver Denarius
• Lepton, “Widow’s Mite”

The Events of Holy Week

• Temple Precinct and Mount of Olives
• Mount of Olives, Dominus Flevit Church
• House of the Last Supper, Exterior
• Room of Last Supper
• Mount of Olives, Western Slope
• Garden of Gethsemane
• Traditional “Rock of Agony”
• Arch of Gate Beneath Golden Gate
• Golden Gate: View from Outside City
• Peter in Gallicantu
• Peter in Gallicantu, Bedrock Chambers from the Time of Jesus
• Peter in Gallicantu, Cellared Rooms
• “Lithostrotos” Pavement in Sisters of Zion Basement
• Dice Game Graffito, Sisters of Zion Pavement
• Via Dolorosa
• Crucifixion Evidence from Jerusalem
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre, South Entrance
• Rock of Calvary
• Cenotaph in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Tomb of Jesus, Interior
• Chapel of St. Helena
• Rock Quarry at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Aerial View of Jerusalem from Southeast
• Damascus Gate at Night
• Sukenik-Mayer Wall Segment
• Gordon’s “Golgotha”
• Garden Tomb
• Tomb Entrance with Rolling Stone
• Dome of the Ascension on the Mount of Olives

The First Christians: From Jerusalem to Antioch

• Jerusalem, Temple Mount and Valley of Jehoshaphat
• Jerusalem,“St. Stephen’s Gate”
• Roman Road in Syrian Wilderness
• Damascus “Street Called Straight”
• St. Paul’s Chapel and Window in Damascus Wall
• The Treasury at Petra
• Tarsus, “Cleopatra’s Gate”
• Antioch of Syria, Early Christian Church
• Map of the Eastern Mediterranean

Paul’s First Missionary Journey: Cyprus and Asia Minor

• Antioch’s Port at Seleucia
• Salamis, Monastery of St. Barnabas
• Cyprus, Southern Coastline near Paphos
• Perge, Main Street
• Lake Egridir in Pisidia
• Antioch in Pisidia, Roman Aqueduct
• Roman Bridge at Cendere
• Coin of Lystra
• Plains of Lycaonia
• Antalya, Perge’s Harbor

Paul’s Second Missionary Journey: From Troas to Greece

• Taurus Mountains
• Cilician Gates
• Excavations at Troy
• Kavalla, Harbor of Roman Neapolis
• Philippi
• Philippi, Forum and Christian Basilica
• Philippi, Paul’s Prison
• The Egnatian Way at Philippi
• Thessalonica, Arch of Galerius
• Athens, Acropolis at Night
• Athens, Acropolis from the Agora
• Athens, Stoa of Attalos Colonnade
• Athens, Roman Agora
• Athens, Acropolis
• Athens, Aerial View of Acropolis
• Athens, Parthenon
• Athens, Areopagus

Corinth: Strategic City for Paul

• Corinth Canal
• Corinth, Diolkos and Canal
• Corinth, Temple of Apollo
• Corinth, Forum and Lechaion Road
• Corinth, Votive Offerings from Asklepieion
• Erastus Inscription
• Corinth, Bema

Paul’s Third Missionary Journey: Ephesus Becomes a New Base

• Ephesus, Harbor Road and Theater
• Ephesus, Temple of Artemis
• Ephesus, Statue of Artemis
• Ephesus, Street of the Curetes
• Ephesus, Temple of Hadrian
• Ephesus, Library of Celsus

“A Prisoner For Christ”-Paul’s Travels in Chains

• Roman Merchant Ship, Stone Relief
• Crete, Fair Havens Harbor
• Via Appia
• Rome, the Forum
• Rome, Colosseum from Forum
• Rome, Mamertine Prison

Christians Under Persecution

• Bust of Nero
• Rome, Colosseum Exterior
• Rome, Colosseum Interior
• Catacomb of Priscilla
• Catacomb of Marcellino and Pietro
• Catacombs, Fresco of Jonah
• Catacombs, Moses at the Rock
• Catacomb, Via Latino Raising of Lazarus
• Depiction of Christ as Apollo
• Christian Symbol of the Chi Rho
• Patmos with Monastery of St. John the Theologian
• Cappadocia, Cave Churches
• Cappadocia, Cave Church Interior

Contemporaneous Judaism

• Jerusalem, the Burnt House
• Spearhead in Jewish Quarter House
• “Judaea Capta” Coin
• Arch of Titus, Rome
• Arch of Titus, Detail
• Tumbled Blocks from Temple Mount
• Masada, Synagogue
• Theodotus Synagogue Inscription
• Sardis, Gymnasium Alongside Synagogue
• Hammath-Tiberias, Mosaic Synagogue Floor
• Nabratein, Synagogue Ark

Supplemental New Testament Archaeology

Researches in the Galilee Region

Sepphoris—Cosmopolitan City Near Jesus’ Hometown

• Sepphoris, View from Nazareth
• Roman Theater and Tower on the Acropolis
• Exquisite Woman’s Portrait on Mosaic Floor
• Complete Mosaic Floor with Woman’s Portrait
• Mosaic Floor with Nile Scene
• Mosaic Floor, Personification of Egypt and Nilometer
• Mosaic Floor, Alexandria City Gate and Pharos Lighthouse
• Mosaic Floor, Fisherman at the Nile River

Capernaum—Has the Synagogue Where Jesus Preached Been Found?

• Capernaum Synagogue, Aerial View
• Plan of Synagogue and 1981 Trenches
• Capernaum, First-Century Building Remains
• Magdala, First-Century Synagogue, Reconstruction
• Magdala, First-Century Synagogue, Plan
• Gamla, First-Century Synagogue

Ports on the Sea of Galilee

• Sea of Galilee, Map
• Gergesa Harbor
• Susita (Hippos) Harbor
• Gennesar Harbor
• Tabgha, Harbor of St. Peter

The Sea of Galilee “Jesus Boat”

• First-Century Galilee Boat Refloated
• Galilee Boat, Excavation
• Galilee Boat in Conservation Tank
• Magdala, First-Century Boat Mosaic

Researches in Jerusalem

The Search for King Herod’s Tomb

• Herodium, Aerial View
• Herodium, Palace and Tower
• Greater Herodium, Plan
• Herodium, Lower Terrace “Monumental Building”
• Traditional Herod’s Family Tomb, Entrance
• Sarcophagus from Traditional Herod’s Family Tomb
• Newly Proposed Herod’s Family Tomb, Wall
• Herod’s Winter Palace at Jericho, Opus Reticulatum
• Tomb of Augustus, Reconstruction
• Herod’s Family Tomb, Reconstruction

Researching the Appearance of Herod’s Temple Mount

• Southern Extension of Temple Mount, Reconstruction
• Monumental Walls at Tomb of Abraham
• Coins for the Temple Tax

The Gate of the Essenes

• Three Superimposed Sills in Gate of the Essenes Complex
• Threshold of Gate with Sewage Channel
• Street inside Gate

Ossuary of the High Priest Caiaphas

• Jewish Ossuaries of the First Century C.E.
• Caiaphas’ Tomb, Entrance and Main Chamber
• “Caiaphas” Ossuary in Tomb Niche
• “Caiaphas” Ossuary
• “Caiaphas” Ossuary, Narrow Side with Inscription
• “Caiaphas” Ossuary, Narrow-Side Inscription, Transcription and Translation
• “Caiaphas” Ossuary, Back Side with Inscription
• “Caiaphas” Ossuary, Back-Side Inscription, Transcription and Translation
• Second “Caiaphas” Ossuary, Inscription
• Second “Caiaphas” Ossuary Inscription, Transcription
• “Miriam Daughter of Simon” Ossuary Inscription
• “Miriam Daughter of Simon” Inscription, Transcription
• Pilate’s Name on Caesarea Inscription

The Field of Blood Cemetery (Alkeldama)

• Onuphrius Monastery and Early Tombs
• Attic Door Tomb Entrance
• Tomb Chamber with Elaborate Doorways and Ceiling
• Akeldama Tomb 1, Chamber C Loculi
• Ariston Tomb, Stone Door to Chamber
• Ariston Tomb, Chamber with Arcosolia

The Church of the Apostles—A First-Century Christian Synagogue?

• Traditional Tomb of David at Cenacle
• Reused Herodian Blocks in Synagogue South Wall
• Upper Room (Cenacle)
• Pelican Capital in Crusader Cenacle
• Basilica of St. Pudentiana, Mosaic Showing Church of the Apostles
• Plan of Church of the Apostles and Crusader Church of Mary

The Cave Church of Gethsemane

• Garden of Gethsemane
• Cave of Gethsemane
• Cave of Gethsemane, Detail of Floor Phases

Researches on Ancient Manuscripts

The Dead Sea Scrolls

• The “Son of God” Fragment (4Q246)
• The “Pierced Messiah” Fragment (4Q285)
• The “Beatitudes” Fragment (4Q525)

New Biblical Manuscript Discovery at St. Catherine’s Monastery

• New Leaves from the Codex Sinaiticus

Desert Monasteries

Monasteries in Southern Sinai

• St. Catherine’s Monastery
• Southern Sinai Monastic Compound, Plan

Monasteries in the Judean Wilderness (Laura Type)

• Pharan—The Beginnings of a Movement
• Pharan Monastery, Cells and Central Complex
• Douka Monastery (Deir Quarantal), Mount of Temptation
• Gerasimus Monastery
• Mar Saba, the Great Laura
• Mar Saba Hermitage No. 29
• Mar Saba Hermitage No. 29, Section

Monasteries in the Judean Wilderness (Coenobitic Type)

• Theodosius Monastery—The Move to Community
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Aerial View
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Overview of Ruins
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Refectory Mosaic Floor
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Refectory Mosaic Floor Panel
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Refectory Column Capital
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Kitchen Floor Mosaic
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Chapel of the Three Priests Mosaic
• St. Martyrius Monastery, Drawing
• Choziba Monastery (St. George’s)—A Combined Laura and Coenobium
• Choziba Monastery, Hermit Cell
• Choziba Monastery, Charnel Cave with Skulls
• Khirbet ed-Deir Monastery, Overview
• Khirbet ed-Deir Monastery, Burial Cave Chapel

Recently Discovered Byzantine Churches

Churches in Jerusalem

• Monastery of the Cross, General View
• Monastery of the Cross, Byzantine Mosaic Floor

Churches in the North

• Church at Kursi (Gergesa), General View
• Church at Kursi, Close-Up
• Church at Khirbet el-Beiyudat, General View
• Church at Khirbet el-Beiyudat, Bema Mosaic Inscription

Churches in the South

• Church at Horvat Beit Loya, General View
• Church at Horvat Beit Loya, North Aisle Mosaic
• Church at Horvat Be’er-shema, Man and Donkey Mosaic
• Church at Kissufim, Mosaic Floor
• Church at Kissufim, Mosaic of Lion Attacking Bull

Galilee Archaeology

General Views

• Sea of Galilee
• Boats on the Sea of Galilee
• Tiberias
• Plain of Jezreel
• Mt. Carmel, the Muckraka
• Mt. Tabor
• Mt. Tabor
• Jordan River
• Mt. Hermon
• Near the Acco-Safed Road
• Waterfall in Upper Galilee
• Nahal Dalioth
• Yarmuk River

Before the Hebrews

• Mt. Carmel Caves
• Chalcolithic Burial Urn
• Yiftael, House Foundations
• Stone Circles in the Golan
• Natufian Carved Bone
• Stone Dolmen
• Burial at Achzib
• Nahariya “Horned Goddess” Mold

Iron Age, Persian and Hellenistic Periods (1200—63 B.C.E.)

• Hazor, Aerial View
• Hazor, Shrine of the Stelae
• Hazor, Cult Mask
• Upper City of Hazor
• Megiddo, Aerial View
• Megiddo, Lion Seal
• Megiddo, Ivory Plaque
• Megiddo, Ivory Winged Bes
• Megiddo, Horned Altars
• Megiddo, Water Tunnel
• Megiddo, Silo
• Megiddo, Canaanite Outdoor Altar
• Dor, Aerial View
• Dor, Persian Period Figurines
• Dor, Sculpture of Head
• Dor, Hellenistic Street
• Dor, Head of Bes
• Dan, High Place
• Dan, Model of Middle Bronze Gate
• Dan, Steps Leading to Middle Bronze Gate
• The Dancer from Dan
• Inscription Identifying Dan
• Dan, Paved Street
• Dan, Platform at City Gate
• Dan, Scepter Head

Early Roman and Herodian Periods (63 B.C.E.-70 C.E.)

• Banyas (Ancient Paneas)
• Cliffs of Arbel
• Gamla, General View
• Gamla, Closer View
• Gamla, Synagogue
• Gamla, Two Lamps and a Bowl
• Gamla, Bronze Fibulae
• Gamla, Arrowheads
• Gamla, Ballista Stones
• Gamla, Scale Armor
• Gamla, Lead Weights, Rings, Pendants

Roman Period (70—324 C.E.)

• Hippos/Susita
• Hippos/Susita, Main Street
• Hippos/Susita Rocks with Holes
• Kedesh, Roman Temple
• First-Century Mosaic Boat
• Boat from Sea of Galilee
• Beth Shearim, Catacombs
• Beth Shearim Catacomb Courtyard
• Beth Shearim Menorah Sarcophagus
• Beth Shearim Catacomb 20
• Beth Shearim Mask Sarcophagus
• Beth Shearim “Eagle” Sarcophagus
• Beth Shearim Menorah Catacomb
• Tell Beth-Shean Aerial View
• Beth-Shean View of Lower City
• Beth-Shean Roman Street
• Beth-Shean, Steps
• Beth-Shean, Roman Theater
• Beth-Shean, Pillared Street
• Beth-Shean, Mosaic Portrait

Byzantine Period (324—640 C.E.)

• Hammath Gader General View
• Hammath Gader Hot Springs
• Hammath Tiberias Synagogue
• Hammath Tiberias Synagogue Mosaic
• Hammath Tiberias Mosaic, Zodiac
• Hammath Tiberias Mosaic Personification of Spring
• Hammath Tiberias Mosaic, Helios
• Hammath Tiberias Torah Shrine
• Capernaum, Aerial View
• Capernaum, Synagogue Portal
• Capernaum Corinthian Capital
• Capernaum, Synagogue and Steps
• Capernaum, Flour Grinder
• Capernaum, Synagogue Detail
• Capernaum, View of Greek Excavations
• Capernaum, Simon Peter’s House
• Chorazin, Aerial View
• Chorazin, Stone Carving
• Chorazin, Medusa Head
• Chorazin, Synagogue Portals
• Chorazin, Synagogue Interior
• Chorazin, Throne of Moses
• Meroth (Marous) Synagogue
• Meroth, Mosaic
• Kursi, General View
• Kursi, Greek Mosaic
• Sepphoris, Site View
• Sepphoris Mosaic, Detail
• Sepphoris Mosaic Processional
• Sepphoris Mosaic, Portrait
• Sepphoris, Bronze Prometheus
• Mt. Meiron and Nahal Amud
• Meiron, Synagogue
• Nabratein, General View
• Nabratein, Synagogue Lintel
• Nabratein, Pediment of Stone Ark
• Baram, General View
• Tabgha, Restoring the Mosaic
• Tabgha Mosaic Loaves and Fishes
• Tabgha Mosaic Bird and Asp
• Tabgha Mosaic, Ducks
• Beth Alpha the Binding of Isaac
• Beth Alpha, Zodiac Mosaic
• Beth Alpha, Torah Shrine
• Qatzrin, View of Synagogue

Crusader Period (1099—1291 C.E.)

• Belvoir Castle Aerial View
• Belvoir, Crusader Architecture
• Montfort Castle
• Nimrod Castle
• Nimrod, Fortifications
• Acre (Acco) Crusader Refectory
• Acre, Turkish Walls
• Acre, Turkish Aqueduct
• Acco (Acre), Hellenistic Stone Mold of Helios
• Horns of Hattin

Churches Commemorating Christian Events

• Nazareth, Aerial View
• Nazareth, Church of the Annunciation
• Cana Churches
• Tabgha, Sanctuary of the Primacy
• Tabgha, Sanctuary Interior
• Mt. Tabor, Church of the Transfiguration

Animals in the Huleh

• Nutria
• Water Buffalo

Jerusalem Archaeology

Aerial Views and Maps of Jerusalem

• Fish-Eye Aerial View of Jerusalem
• Aerial View from South
• Aerial Detail of Ophel Hill and Temple Mount
• Map: Jerusalem from the Jebusites to Hezekiah
• Map: Jerusalem from Nehemiah to the Herods
• Map: Jerusalem of Hadrian
• Map: Jerusalem of Constantine
• Map: Jerusalem of Mohammed
• Map: Jerusalem of the Crusaders

Early Jerusalem Until the Babylonian Destruction (18th—6th Centuries B.C.E.)

• Ophel Hill from the East
• Closer View of Ophel Hill from the East
• JA11A: Close-Up of Jebusite Wall
• JA11B: Steps Leading to Israelite House
• Ophel Hill: The Stepped-Structure
• JA12A: Walls on Ophel Hill
• Proto-Aeolic Capital
• “Royal Tombs” and Roman Quarry on Ophel Hill
• “Royal Tomb” on Ophel Hill
• Gihon Spring
• Entrance Steps to Gihon Spring
• “Warren’s Shaft”: Cross-Section Drawing
• “Warren’s Shaft”: Vertical Segment
• “Warren’s Shaft”: Sloping Tunnel
• “Warren’s Shaft”: Vaulted Entrance Chamber
• Hezekiah’s Tunnel
• Siloam Pool
• Hezekiah’s Tunnel: Place of Join
• Hezekiah’s Tunnel: Siloam Inscription
• Plan of Hezekiah’s Tunnel
• Excavations West of Temple Mount
• Israelite City Wall in Jewish Quarter
• Israelite Tomb Antechamber
• Israelite Tomb Burial Chamber
• Israelite Tomb Repository
• Amulet Containing the Divine Name
• Divine Name on Jerusalem Amulet
• Fertility Figurine from Israelite Jerusalem
• Tower in Israelite Wall
• Arrowheads from Babylonian Destruction, 586 B.C.E.

Jerusalem from the Exile Through the Hasmoneans (5th—1st Centuries B.C.E.)

• Nehemiah’s Tower, Wall and Glacis on Ophel Hill
• JA37A: Close-Up of Nehemiah’s Wall
• Hellenistic Tombs in Kidron Valley
• Tomb of “Absalom”
• Inscription from Tomb of Mattathias
• Hasmonean Wall beneath Later Western Wall

Jerusalem of Herod (37—4 B.C.E.)

• Herod’s Western Fortress: Holyland Hotel Model
• Phasael Tower
• Fortress of Antonia: Holyland Hotel Model
• Herod’s Temple and Courts: Holyland Hotel Model
• Herod’s Temple: Dura-Europos Synagogue Fresco
• Temple Precinct Notice
• Herod’s Enlarged Temple Mount
• “Seam” in Eastern Temple Mount Wall
• Close-Up of “Seam” in Eastern Temple Mount Wall
• “Solomon’s Stables”
• Southwest Corner of Temple Mount
• Huge Blocks in Herod’s Temple Walls
• “Robinson’s Arch”
• “Robinson’s Arch” Stairway: Architect’s Drawing
• “Place of Trumpeting” Inscription
• “Wilson’s Arch”
• Broad Stairs along South Wall of Temple Mount
• Triple Huldah Gates
• Excavations Outside South Wall of Temple Mount
• Mosaic Floor in Herodian House
• Aristocratic Objects from Herodian Jerusalem
• Jerusalem Painted Pottery
• “Hezekiah’s Pool” Reservoir
• Menorah Graffito
• Theodotus Synagogue Inscription

Jerusalem of Jesus and the Zealots (63 B.C.E.—70 C.E.)

• Garden of Gethsemane
• Traditional Rock of Agony
• View of Golden Gate and Jerusalem from Mount of Olives
• “Lithostrotos” Pavement in Sisters of Zion Basement
• Dice Game Graffito, Sisters of Zion Pavement
• Via Dolorosa
• Covered Street in the Old City
• Aerial View of Jerusalem from Southeast
• Damascus Gate at Night
• Sukenik-Mayer Wall Segment
• Gordon’s “Golgotha”
• Garden Tomb
• “Tomb of the Kings” Façade
• “Tomb of the Kings” Entrance with Rolling Stone
• “Tomb of the Kings” Interior View
• Ossuaries from a Roman Age Tomb
• Ossuary of “Simon the Temple Builder”
• Coin of the First Jewish Revolt
• Coin with Bust of Titus
• Spearhead in Jewish Quarter House
• “Judea Capta” Coins
• Arch of Titus, Rome
• Arch of Titus: Detail
• Tumbled Blocks from Temple Mount

Jerusalem of Hadrian (130—325 C.E.)

• Statue of Hadrian
• Aelia Capitolina Coin
• Bar Kokhba Coins Showing Temple
• Bar Kokhba Coins with Trumpets and Lyre
• Madaba Map of Jerusalem
• Excavations beneath Damascus Gate
• Roman Remains below Damascus Gate
• Cardo
• Cardo Pavement
• Lithograph of Hadrianic Arch
• Ecce Homo Arch
• Hadrianic Arch in Convent Chapel

Jerusalem of Constantine (325—638 C.E.)

• Coin of Constantine
• Coin of Queen Helena
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Cenotaph of the Anastasis
• Tomb of Jesus, Interior
• Chapel of St. Helena
• Pilgrim Ship Graffito
• Gold Ring Depicting Holy Sepulchre
• Nea Church: Vaulted Foundations
• Nea Church: Inscription
• Golden Gate: View from Outside City
• Golden Gate: View from Temple Mount
• Western Wall of Temple Mount
• Isaiah Inscription

Jerusalem of Mohammed (638—1099 C.E.)

• Aerial View of Temple Mount/Haram Esh Sharif
• Dome of the Rock
• Dome of the Rock: Close View
• Dome of the Rock: Interior View
• Dome of the Rock: Interior of Dome
• Dome of the Rock: Fish-Eye Interior View
• Dome of the Spirits
• El Aqsa Mosque

Jerusalem of the Crusaders (1099—1187 C.E.)

• Citadel of the Crusaders
• Citadel at Night
• Church of Holy Sepulchre: Crusader South Entrance
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Detail of Entrance
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Interior of Crusader Church
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Medieval Graffiti
• Crusader Period Coins
• Church of St. Anne next to Pool of Bethesda
• Church of St. Anne: Detail of Exterior
• Church of St. Anne: Interior
• Tomb of the Virgin Façade
• Dome of the Ascension
• Temple Mount Showing Western Wall
• Western Wall, Place of Prayer

Dead Sea Scrolls

The Setting

• Journey from Jerusalem
• Farther into the Judean Desert
• Sea Level Sign
• Traditional Place of John’s Baptisms
• Dead Sea
• Water Level Mark, Dead Sea
• ’Ain Feshkha Spring
• Building Remains at ’Ain Feshkha
• Ras Feshkha
• Khirbet Mazin

Discovery and Acquisition

• Cave 1, General View, Limestone Cliffs
• Cave 1, Close-up View, Outside
• Cave 1, View from Inside
• Qumran Pottery Vessels
• Bedouin Discoverers of Cave 1
• Antiquities Dealer “Kando”
• Eleazar L. Sukenik
• Yigael Yadin and James Biberkraut
• Metropolitan Samuel
• Wall Street Journal Advertisement
• Shrine of the Book, Exterior
• Shrine of the Book, Interior

The First Scrolls

• First Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa)
• Second Isaiah Scroll (1QIsab)
• Genesis Apocryphon (lQapGen)
• Habakkuk Commentary (lQpHab)
• Manual of Discipline (1QS)
• Thanksgiving Psalms (1QH)
• War Scroll (1QM)

The Excavations at Qumran

• Qumran Terrace and Settlement, Viewed from Nearby Cave
• Qumran Settlement and Wadi, General View
• Father Roland de Vaux
• Qumran Settlement, Aerial View

The Qumran Water System

• Round Cistern
• Wadi Qumran, View to Dead Sea
• Wadi Qumran, View to Floor
• Water Channel, Upper End
• Water Tunnel and Channel
• Water Channel on Terrace
• Covered Water Channel
• Rectangular Cistern
• Mikveh
• Cistern Showing Fault Line
• Juglet and Silver Coins

The Qumran Buildings

• Dining Hall
• Pantry, View from Dining Hall
• De Vaux with Pots in Pantry
• Scriptorium, Study Room and Library/Storage Room
• Scriptorium
• Scriptorium. Writing Table and Bench
• Inkwells
• Study Room Benches
• Study Room Wall Niche, Interior View
• Study Room Wall Niche, Detail
• Study Room Wall Niche, Exterior View
• Library/Storage Room
• Stairway to Upper Floor
• Pottery Kiln
• Cemetery
• Column Bases
• Tower
• Tower Glacis
• Plan of Qumran Community

The Caves

• Map of Cave Locations
• Caves 4 and 5, View from Wadi Floor
• Cave 4, View from Qumran Community
• Cave 4, Excavators’ New Entrance
• Cave 4, View to Dead Sea
• Cave 4, Interior
• Cave 3 (Copper Scroll Cave)
• Cave 11 (Temple Scroll Cave)
• Caves Excavated by Vendyl Jones

The Scrollery, Preservation and Research

• Rockefeller Museum
• The Scrollery
• Fathers de Vaux and Milik with G. L. Harding
• Father Milik Examining Fragments
• John Strugnell
• Frank Moore Cross, Jr.
• John Allegro
• International Research Team
• Working with Fragments
• Hebrew Fragment
• Paleo-Hebrew Fragment
• Greek Fragment
• Leather Fragment
• Papyrus Fragment
• Isaiah Scroll Column
• Name of the Deity in Paleo-Hebrew
• “Lost” Fragment of Samuel
• Damage Shown on Rolled Scroll
• Damage Shown on Unrolled Scroll
• Phylactery

Two Unique Scrolls

• Copper Scroll, As Found
• Cutting the Copper Scroll
• Copper Scroll, Single Strip
• Copper Scroll on Display
• Enhanced Copper Scroll
• Temple Scroll
• Joseph Uhrig, “Mr. Z”
• Temple Scroll, Plan of Jerusalem Temple
• Plan Compared to Temple Mount

The Publishing Bottleneck

• Geza Vermes
• Hershel Shanks
• Strugnell with “Fleas” on Cover of BAR
• Emanuel Tov
• Fragments of 4QMMT
• Elisha Qimron

Qumran Connections … with Christians? … with Zealots?

• “Pierced Messiah” Fragment (4Q285)
• Enhanced View of “Pierced Messiah” Fragment
• “Son of God” Fragment (4Q246)
• “Messiah Apocalypse” Fragment (4Q521)
• Greek Fragment from Mark? (7Q5)
• Masada, Aerial View
• Masada Synagogue
• “Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice” Fragment, Masada
• Manuscript Discoveries near the Dead Sea

Archaeology and Religion

The Gods

Gods Before Israel

• Horvat Minha Neolithic Female Figurine
• Sha’ar ha-Golan, Neolithic Female Figurine
• Golan, Chalcolithic Figurine Ritual Stand
• Gilath, Chalcolithic Female Figurine
• Nahariya, Middle Bronze Age Female Statuette
• Gezer, Middle Bronze Age Female Pendants
• Late Bronze Age Stylized Female Figurines
• Tel Halif, Nude Figurine
• Bronze Statuette of Ba’al
• Ashkelon, Middle Bronze Age Silver Calf
• Hazor, Late Bronze Age Basalt Seated God
• Hazor, Late Bronze Age Stele with Lunar Symbol
• Serabit el-Khadem Egyptian Goddess Hathor
• Beth-Shean Head of Hathor
• Megiddo, Late Bronze Age Ivory Bes

Gods of Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors

• Timna, Gilded Serpent
• Ashdod “Ashdoda” Chair Figure
• Tel Batash, Iron Age I “Cyrano” Male Head
• Israelite “High Place” Bronze Bull
• Kuntillet ’Ajrud Portrayal of Israel’s God(s)?
• Kuntillet ’Ajrud, Drawing of Pithos Figures
• Iron Age Pillar Figurines (Representing Asherah?)
• Jerusalem, Terra-cotta Horse with Sun Disc
• Tel Batash, Iron Age II Female Figurine Mold

Gods of the Late Biblical Periods

• Dor, Persian-Period Phoenician Fertility Figurine Mold
• Dor, Persian Period “Maternal” Astarte Figurines
• Tel Dor, Phoenician Baal-as-Zeus Head
• Dor Bone Amulet of Bes
• Caesarea Philippi Cave of Pan
• Ashkelon, Osiris Bronze Figurine
• Ephesus Cult Statue of Artemis
• Caesarea Maritima Ephesian Artemis
• Rome, Fresco of Christ as Moses Bringing Water from the Rock
• Rome, Fresco of Christ as Good Shepherd
• Rome, Mosaic of Christ as Sun-god

Altars and High Places

Pre-Israelite Altars, High Places and Standing Stones

• Megiddo, High Place Altar
• Gezer, High Place
• Hazor, Standing Stones
• Serabit el-Khadem, Hathor Temple Standing Stones
• Tirzah, Pillar
• Shechem, Pillar (Joshua’s “Stone of Witness”?)

Israelite and Later Altars

• Mt. Ebal, Altar
• Mt. Ebal Altar, Artist’s Reconstruction
• Tel Dan, High Place
• Beer-Sheva, Horned Altar
• Arad, House Temple Altar
• Petra, Nabatean High-Place Altar
• Petra, Nabatean High-Place Round Altar
• Rome, Fresco of Early Christian Altar-Stand

Temples, Synagogues and Churches

Temples Before Israel

• Ein-Gedi, Chalcolithic Cultic Enclosure
• Hazor, Three-Room Canaanite Temple
• Timna, Midianite Hathor Temple
• Tell Qasile Philistine Temple

Temples of Israel

• Jerusalem, Solomon’s Temple (Howland-Garber Model)
• Arad, House Temple
• Arad, House Temple Holy of Holies
• Kuntillet ’Ajrud Wilderness Shrine
• Jerusalem Herod’s Temple Mount (Drawing)
• Jerusalem Herod’s Temple (Model)
• Jerusalem Temple Depicted on Second Revolt Coin
• Hebron Machpelah Shrine

Later Non-Israelite Temples

• Horvat Qitmit Edomite Shrine
• Mt. Gerizim Samaritan Temple Site
• Petra, Nabatean Temple of Dhu-Shara
• Sebaste, Herod’s Temple to Augustus
• Mt. Gerizim Hadrian’s Temple to Zeus
• Caesarea Maritima Mithraeum Vault
• Caesarea Maritima Mithraeum Medallion

Synagogues

• Masada, Synagogue
• Herodium, Synagogue
• Capernaum Early Basilica Synagogue
• Chorazin, Early Basilica Synagogue
• Qatzrin Reversed-Basilica Synagogue
• Meroth Two-phase Synagogue
• Shema Broadhouse Synagogue
• Hammath Tiberias Synagogue Floor Mosaic
• Beth Alpha, Synagogue Zodiac Mosaic
• Beth Alpha Binding of Isaac Mosaic
• Ma’on, Synagogue Mosaic

Christian Churches

• Rome, Fresco of Early Eucharist Meal
• Capernaum, Octagonal Church and House Shrine
• Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• Madaba, Map of Jerusalem & Holy Sepulchre Church
• Jerusalem, Church of the Holy Sepulchre Anastasis
• Eboda (Avdat) Basilica Church
• Corinth, Church Templon Slab
• Sardis, Church at Temple of Artemis
• Kursi, “Swine Miracle” Basilica Church
• Tabgha, Church Mosaic of Loaves and Fishes
• Wadi Qilt St. George’s Monastery
• Sinai St. Catherine’s Monastery
• Um er-Rasas, Church of St. Stephen Mosaic Floor
• Um er-Rasas Jerusalem Mosaic

Installations for Water Immersion

• Jerusalem, Mikveh South of Temple Mount
• Masada, Mikveh (Aerial View)
• Qumran, Mikveh or Cistern
• Subeita, South Church Baptistery
• Ephesus, Church of St. John Baptistery

Objects Used in Worship

Small Altars and Incense Shovels

• Megiddo Horned Incense Altar
• Ekron, Horned Altars
• Tel Dan, Lishkah Altar
• Tel Dan, Incense Shovels

Cult Stands

• Shiloh, Ceramic Cult Stand
• Beth-Shean, Ceramic Cult Stand with Serpents
• Tel Nami Bronze Cult Stand
• Tell Qasile, Philistine Ceramic Cult Stands
• Ashdod, Ceramic Cult Stand with Musicians
• Taanach, Cult Stand
• Cyprus, Wheeled Brazier

Cult Vessels

• Gilath, Ram with Goblets
• Jericho Anthropomorphic Rhyton
• Nahariya Seven-cupped Vessels
• Kuntillet ’Ajrud Inscribed Stone Bowl
• Byzantine Christian Silver Chalice

Standards and Scepters

• Nahal Mishmar Copper Hoard
• Hazor, Silver-Plated Cult Standard
• Tel Nami, Bronze and Ivory Scepters
• Jerusalem, Ivory Pomegranate Scepter Head
• Jerusalem, Pomegranate Inscription (Close-up)
• Jerusalem, Drawing of Scepter Inscription
• Tel Dan, Bronze and Silver Scepter

Cult Masks

• Dayan Collection Stone Mask
• Hazor, Ceramic Cult Mask
• Timna, Hathor Mask

Objects Used in Divination

• Animal Bones Used as Lots
• Assyrian Puru Lot

Votives and Amulets

• Persian Period Horses and Riders
• Jerusalem, Amulet Containing the Divine Name
• Jerusalem, Amulet Unrolled
• Jerusalem, Drawing of Amulet Inscription

The Temple Ark and Synagogue Arks

• Khorsabad Palace “Cherub”
• Capernaum, Synagogue Wheeled Ark
• Beth Alpha Synagogue Ark Mosaic
• Nabratein, Synagogue Ark Pediment

Temple and Synagogue Menorahs

• Jericho Mosaic of Menorah
• Jerusalem, Temple Menorah Graffito
• Rome, Arch of Titus Relief of Jerusalem Temple Menorah
• Beth She’arim Sarcophagus Menorah Relief
• Hammath Tiberias Synagogue Mosaic Menorahs
• Roman Gold Glass Depiction of Arks and Menorahs

Mesopotamian Archaeology

Geography

• Mt. Ararat
• Euphrates River

City-States and Kingdoms of The Third Millennium B.C.E.

Gods and Kings

• Ziggurat of King Ur-Nammu
• Vulture Stela of Eannatum of Lagash
• Vulture Stela, Detail of Ningirsu

UR (2600—2350 B.C.E.)

• The Standard of Ur
• The Standard of Ur, Detail of King
• Lyre, the Royal Cemetery
• Goat in a Thicket
• Gold and Lapis Dagger and Sheath

Akkadian Dynasty (2340—2190 B.C.E.)

• Sculpted Head of Akkadian Ruler
• Sculpted Profile of Akkadian Ruler
• Victory Stela of Naram-Sin
• Cylinder Seal with Mythological Figures

Gudea Of Lagash

• Gudea the Architect
• Gudea the Architect, Detail of Neo-Sumerian Temple Plan
• Gudea with Flowing Vase

Syrian Kingdoms of The Third Millennium B.C.E.

Mari (2600—2300 B.C.E.)

• Lion-Headed Eagle, the Early Palace
• Votive Statue of Ishtar Temple Official
• Gallery of Sumerian Temple Statues, Tell Asmar
• Statue of a Priestess of Ishtar
• Worshiper Bearing an Offering
• Close-up of a Smiling Statue
• Inlaid Panel, Temple of Dagan

Ebla, Palace G (2600—2300 B.C.E.)

• Square Cuneiform Tablet
• Round Tablet with Business Transaction
• Figurine of a Bison-Man
• Wood Furniture Panel with Animal Decoration
• Portrait of Ebla’s King?
• Stone Wig from a Palace Statue
• Stone Lid of an Egyptian Jar

Syria in the Third and Second Millennia B.C.E.

Citadel at Aleppo

• Mari in The Middle Bronze Age (2000—1550 B.C.E.)
• Procession at Zimri-Lim’s Palace
• Procession at Zimri-Lim’s Palace, Detail
• Procession at Zimri-Lim’s Palace, Man Leading Bull
• Goddess with Flowing Vase, Zimri-Lim’s Palace

Code of Hammurabi

• Stela with Law Code
• Stela with Law Code, Detail of Figures

Ebla in The Middle Bronze Age (2000—1550 B.C.E.)

• View of Site (Tell Mardikh)
• Statue of King Ibbit-Lim
• City Gate
• Palace Q, Storeroom
• Temple D
• Cult Furnishings, Temple D
• Temple Cult Basin
• Temple Cult Basin, Detail
• Terra-cotta Building Model

Ugarit in The Late Bronze Age (1550—1200 B.C.E.)

• Postern Gate
• Royal Palace
• Entrance Portico of Royal Palace
• Stela Commemorating an Agreement
• Weather God
• “Smiting God”
• Gold Pendant of a Goddess
• Gold Bowl
• Gold Bowl, Detail of Lion Hunt
• Gold Plate
• Gold Plate, Detail of Chariot Hunt
• Miniature Bronze Tripod
• Ceremonial Axe
• Aegean Goddess in Ivory
• Alphabetic Cuneiform Tablet

Byblos in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages (2400—1550 B.C.E.)

• Temple of Reshef
• Votive Figurines, Temple of Reshef
• Sarcophagus of King Ahiram
• Early Phoenician Alphabetic Inscription from Sarcophagus of Ahiram

The Near East of The Old Testament, First Millennium B.C.E.

Babylon

• Cuneiform Tablet with Map of the World
• Ishtar Gate, View of Restoration
• Ishtar Gate, Detail of Bull
• Ishtar Gate, Detail of Dragon
• View of Site
• Boundary Stone of Nebuchadrezzar I
• Stela of Merodach-Baladan II
• Commemorative Stone Tablet of the Assyrian King Esarhaddon

Gardens and Parks

• King Assurbanipal Dining in a Garden, Nineveh
• Animal Park at Nineveh
• Exotic Garden at Mari

Assyria (900—612 B.C.E.)

• Statue of King Assurnasirpal II, Nimrud
• Winged Bull, Sargon II’s Palace at Khorsabad
• Winged Genius, Nimrud
• Assurnasirpal II Hunting Lions
• Sennacherib’s Victory at Lachish, Overview
• Sennacherib’s Victory at Lachish, the King’s Audience
• Sennacherib’s Victory at Lachish, Presenting the Booty
• Sennacherib’s Victory at Lachish, Prisoners of War
• Sennacherib’s Siege of Lachish, Battering Ram
• Sennacherib’s Siege of Lachish, Detail of Battering Ram
• Sennacherib’s Siege of Lachish, Impaled Prisoners
• Sennacherib’s Siege of Lachish, Detail of Attack
• Sennacherib’s Siege of Lachish, Detail of Archers
• Assurbanipal’s Soldiers Destroy an Elamite City
• Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
• Black Obelisk, Detail of King Jehu’s Submission
• Black Obelisk, Three Details of Tribute from Israel
• Black Obelisk, Three Details of Tribute from Israel
• Black Obelisk, Three Details of Tribute from Israel
• Wall Painting of Two Courtiers

The Nimrud Ivories, Early First Millennium B.C.E.

• A Pair of Ivory Women
• Ivory “Mona Lisa” Inlay
• Carved Ivory Panel
• Man Attacked by Lioness
• Furniture Inlay Done in Egyptian Style
• A Cow Suckling a Calf
• Bronze Figurine of the Egyptian God Bes

The Neo-Hittite City-States of Aramean Syria (Tenth to Seventh Centuries B.C.E.)

• General View, ’Ain Dara
• Sculpted Reliefs, ’Ain Dara Temple
• Giant Footprints, ’Ain Dara Temple
• Sculpted Temple Orthostat, ’Ain Dara
• Sculpted Gods, Audience Hall at Tell Halaf
• Relief of a Four-Winged God, Tell Halaf
• Relief of an Archer, Tell Halaf
• Relief of Warrior with Sling, Tell Halaf
• King Barrakub of Sam’al
• Sculpted Column Base, Barrakub’s Palace
• Victory Stela of Esarhaddon
• Assyrian God Astride Bull, Arslantash
• Ivory Winged Sphinx, Arslantash

Achaemenian Persia (557—331 B.C.E.)

• The Cyrus Cylinder
• Tomb of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae
• Citadel at Persepolis
• Column Capital, Susa
• Door Relief from the Hall of One Hundred Columns, Persepolis
• The Great Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes at Persepolis
• Palace of Darius I at Persepolis
• Darius I Killing a Lion
• Palace of Xerxes I at Persepolis
• Xerxes I and His Attendants
• Glazed-Brick Panels with Archers, Susa
• Glazed-Brick Panel with a Dragon, Susa
• Molded-Brick Temple Facade, Susa
• Rock-Cut Tombs at Naqsh-i-Rustam
• Tomb of Darius II at Naqsh-i-Rustam
• Gold Rhyton
• Silver Rhyton

Dura-Europos: A Jewish Community in Roman Mesopotamia (Third Century C.E.)

• City Gate
• Synagogue, Torah Niche
• Synagogue, Wall Painting of the Prophet Isaiah
• Synagogue, Moses and the Exodus
• Synagogue, Moses and the Burning Bush
• Synagogue, Triumph of Mordecai and Esther at Ahasuerus’s Court