Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell was a
British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, social
reformer, and pacifist. Although he spent the majority of his life
in England, he was born in Wales, where he also died. Russell led
the British “revolt against Idealism” in the early twentieth
century and is one of the founders of analytic philosophy along
with his protégé Wittgenstein and his elder Frege. He co-authored,
with A. N. Whitehead, Principia Mathematica, an attempt
to ground mathematics on logic. His philosophical essay “On
Denoting” has been considered a “paradigm of philosophy.” Both
works have had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set
theory, linguistics and analytic philosophy. He was a prominent
anti-war activist, championing free trade between nations and
anti-imperialism. Russell was imprisoned for his pacifist activism
during World War I, campaigned against Adolf Hitler, for nuclear
disarmament. He criticized Soviet totalitarianism and the United
States of America’s involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1950,
Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, “in recognition
of his varied and significant writings in which he champions
humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.”