Drawing from traditional and historical sources, Robert Maguire argues against the Papal claim of succession through a long line of Roman Bishops, Pontiffs, and Popes traced back to St. Peter. He states this claim actually fails to connect to Peter, and boldly challenges that St. Peter was not the first Roman Pontiff. He also proves that there is no early or sufficient evidence of Peter ever having been at Rome. His conclusion, therefore, declares all Papal claims to succession invalid.