This intellectual history applies the ideal-type, or model-building methodology of Otto Hintze (1861–1940) to Western historical thought. Religion and the Rise of History suggests that, in addition to his paradoxical, simul, “at-the-same-time,” way of thinking and viewing life, Martin Luther also held to a way that was deeply incarnational, dynamic, and “in-with-and-under.” Smith argues that this dual vision and “Lutheran ethos” strongly influenced Leibniz, Hamann, and Herder, and was integral to the rise of a modern form of historical consciousness—commonly called “historicism”—in Protestant Germany.